SAN FRANCISCO – Billionaire Elon Musk’s underlings at Tesla are accustomed to chaos. It comes with the territory of working for a chief executive who sets exacting targets and often abruptly switches directions.

But even by Tesla standards, 2024 has been unruly. Its stock has slid more than 40 per cent amid slumping sales, confusing product decisions and more price cuts. Its once-dominant position in China’s electric vehicle (EV) market is under assault. A visit to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi for an anticipated investment announcement was called off at the last minute. All the while, the board has tried to revive a US$56 billion (S$76.2 billion) payout to Mr Musk that a judge voided in January, on the grounds that directors had acted as “supine servants” to the chief executive.

On April 23, Tesla is expected to report a 40 per cent plunge in operating profit and its first revenue decline in four years. Mr Musk has ordered the company’s biggest layoffs ever and staked its future on a next-generation, self-driving vehicle concept called the robotaxi. People familiar with his directives are unsettled by the changes that the CEO wants to push through.

The idea of creating an autonomous taxi service has been kicking around at Tesla for at least eight years, but the company has yet to put up much of the infrastructure it would need, nor has it secured regulatory approval to test such cars on public roads. For the moment, Mr Musk has put off plans for a US$25,000 mass market vehicle that many Tesla investors – and some insiders – are pushing for and believe is crucial to the carmaker’s future.

In the wake of media reports on the strategic shift, key managers including Mr Drew Baglino, an 18-year company veteran who headed Tesla’s powertrain engineering and energy business, have left.

Mr Musk, 52, has steered Tesla out of many jams in the past. At US$469 billion, the company is still valued at more than nine times the market capitalisation of General Motors or Ford Motor. But after losing almost US$350 billion in market cap over four months, employees, investors and analysts alike are bewildered and second-guessing the company’s strategy.

Mr Musk has signalled on his social media network that the recent moves amount to activating wartime CEO mode. He liked a post saying as much after sending a companywide e-mail announcing that Tesla is cutting more than 10 per cent of global headcount, which would mean eliminating at least 14,000 jobs.

The actual number of people ushered out may exceed 20,000, according to people familiar with the company’s planning. Mr Musk’s reasoning, according to one person with direct knowledge of his edicts, is that Tesla should reduce headcount by 20 per cent because its vehicle deliveries dropped by that amount from the fourth quarter to the first quarter.

For those still among Tesla’s ranks after this culling, Mr Musk has radically altered the marching orders. The company is “going balls to the wall for autonomy”, he declared last week. The robotaxi is now taking precedence over a cheaper car he first teased four years ago, both with respect to setting timelines for prototypes and arranging production capacity, one person familiar with the planning said.

Mr Musk has talked a big game about autonomy for over a decade, and has convinced customers to pay thousands of dollars for a product Tesla has marketed as “full self-driving”, or FSD. The name is a misnomer – FSD requires constant supervision and does not render vehicles autonomous – but Mr Musk has repeatedly predicted that it is on the verge of measuring up to the branding.

Mr Musk and top engineers are particularly bullish about a major change in how FSD now works. Cameras placed around the company’s cars are taking in video and using this footage to dictate how the vehicle drives, instead of relying on software code. Mr Ashok Elluswamy, a director of Tesla’s Autopilot programme, wrote on X in March that this should lead to “unprecedented progress”.

But optimism around FSD and Mr Musk’s belief that this new approach can bring about robotaxis is clouding the future of Tesla’s US$25,000 car project. People with knowledge of Tesla’s plans dispute the notion that the programme has been cancelled altogether. All along, the company has been pursuing a low-cost vehicle architecture that will underpin several different types of models, one of which would have no steering wheel or pedals.

While these people confirmed that the robotaxi is being prioritised, one described the next-generation vehicle project as an effort to wring cost reductions out of components and production methods, then apply those innovations to cheaper iterations of the Model Y and Model 3, the company’s two most popular EVs. Teams are placing particular emphasis on bringing these cost savings to bear with the Model Y, the best-selling vehicle in the world in 2023.

It is unclear just how much solace this might be to investors who have been spooked by reports that Tesla’s answer to affordable options like the Toyota Corolla has been scrapped entirely. Many are concerned that the only new model the company will offer to consumers in the half decade after the Model Y’s debut will be the Cybertruck, an expensive pickup that is difficult to build. Last week, the company recalled the almost 3,900 trucks it has sold to fix faulty accelerator pedals.

“Investors, particularly institutional ones, are losing patience,” said Bloomberg Intelligence analyst Steve Man. “The initial hype around full self-driving and robotaxis has waned, and the pendulum has swung in the opposite direction.”

Reorienting Tesla around robotaxis is risky. While federal agencies have taken a permissive approach to regulating technology that has the potential to make roads safer, scrutiny at the state and local levels has proven difficult to navigate.

Former governor Doug Ducey welcomed Uber Technologies’ self-driving vehicles to Arizona “with open arms and wide-open roads” in 2016, only to ban them after one fatal collision with a pedestrian in 2018. Uber sold off its autonomous-vehicle unit two years later.

More recently, GM subsidiary Cruise has spent the last six months working its way back to robotaxi testing after one of its cars struck and dragged a pedestrian in San Francisco. Also, California is holding up an expansion by Alphabet’s Waymo after several incidents, including one of its vehicles hitting a cyclist.

Mr Musk, nevertheless, is betting that Tesla can make robotaxis a reality by making FSD available to more consumers and cutting prices. He is pushing test drives and free 30-day trials to promote the feature, buoy revenue and ingest more camera footage.

Tesla is building data centres in Buffalo, New York; and Austin, where it is headquartered, to process the footage captured by its vehicles and train its driving systems. The Buffalo site is further along, while the Austin one is struggling with cost overruns, people familiar with the projects said.

As for Tesla’s layoffs, based on interviews with more than a dozen employees affected across the US, the firings had been poorly organised and executed.

E-mails that began with “Dear Employee” were sent to personal addresses after midnight. At Tesla’s battery factory in Nevada, many workers started their Monday on April 15 with gridlock at the front gate. They were diverted to a carpark where security guards scanned badges to discern who still had jobs and who had been laid off. One person who learnt they had been let go this way said it was the coldest and most humiliating experience of their career.

The Saturday night before the layoffs began, Mr Musk was striking dramatic poses on the red carpet and joking about who should play him in an upcoming biopic.

Days later, Tesla chair Robyn Denholm criticised a Delaware court for throwing out the board’s pay package for Mr Musk and urged shareholders to reapprove it. Around this time, the CEO learnt the company had skimped on what it was offering staff whose jobs were just eliminated.

“It has come to my attention today that some severance packages are incorrectly low,” Mr Musk wrote in an e-mail to Tesla’s remaining employees. “My apologies for this mistake. It is being corrected immediately.” BLOOMBERG